End-to-End Multiclass Image Classification Example
Introduction
Welcome to our end-to-end example of distributed image classification algorithm. In this demo, we will use the Amazon sagemaker image classification algorithm to train on the Caltech-256 dataset.
To get started, we need to set up the environment with a few prerequisite steps, for permissions, configurations, and so on.
Prequisites and Preprocessing
Permissions and environment variables
Here we set up the linkage and authentication to AWS services. There are three parts to this:
The roles used to give learning and hosting access to your data. This will automatically be obtained from the role used to start the notebook
The S3 bucket that you want to use for training and model data
The Amazon sagemaker image classification docker image which need not be changed
[ ]:
! pip install --upgrade sagemaker
[ ]:
%%time
import boto3
import re
import sagemaker
from sagemaker import get_execution_role
from sagemaker import image_uris
role = get_execution_role()
bucket = sagemaker.Session().default_bucket()
training_image = image_uris.retrieve(
region=boto3.Session().region_name, framework="image-classification"
)
Data preparation
Download the data and transfer to S3 for use in training.
[ ]:
import boto3
s3_client = boto3.client("s3")
def upload_to_s3(channel, file):
s3 = boto3.resource("s3")
data = open(file, "rb")
key = channel + "/" + file
s3.Bucket(bucket).put_object(Key=key, Body=data)
# caltech-256
s3_train_key = "image-classification-full-training/train"
s3_validation_key = "image-classification-full-training/validation"
s3_train = "s3://{}/{}/".format(bucket, s3_train_key)
s3_validation = "s3://{}/{}/".format(bucket, s3_validation_key)
s3_client.download_file(
"sagemaker-sample-files",
"datasets/image/caltech-256/caltech-256-60-train.rec",
"caltech-256-60-train.rec",
)
upload_to_s3(s3_train_key, "caltech-256-60-train.rec")
s3_client.download_file(
"sagemaker-sample-files",
"datasets/image/caltech-256/caltech-256-60-val.rec",
"caltech-256-60-val.rec",
)
upload_to_s3(s3_validation_key, "caltech-256-60-val.rec")
Training the ResNet model
In this demo, we are using Caltech-256 dataset, which contains 30608 images of 256 objects. For the training and validation data, we follow the splitting scheme in this MXNet example. In particular, it randomly selects 60 images per class for training, and uses the remaining data for validation. The algorithm takes RecordIO file as input. The user can also provide the image files as
input, which will be converted into RecordIO format using MXNet’s im2rec tool. It takes under a minute to convert the entire Caltech-256 dataset (~1.2GB) on a p3.2xlarge instance. However, for this demo, we will use record io format.
Once we have the data available in the correct format for training, the next step is to actually train the model using the data.
Training can be done by either calling SageMaker Training with a set of hyperparameters values to train with, or by leveraging SageMaker Automatic Model Tuning (AMT). AMT, also known as hyperparameter tuning (HPO), finds the best version of a model by running many training jobs on your dataset using the algorithm and ranges of hyperparameters that you specify. It then chooses the hyperparameter values that result in a model that performs the best, as measured by a metric that you choose.
In this notebook, both methods are used for demonstration purposes, but the model that the HPO job creates is the one that is eventually hosted. You can instead choose to deploy the model created by the standalone training job by changing the below variable deploy_amt_model to False.
[ ]:
deploy_amt_model = True
Training parameters
There are two kinds of parameters that need to be set for training. The first one are the parameters for the training job. These include:
Input specification: These are the training and validation channels that specify the path where training data is present. These are specified in the “InputDataConfig” section. The main parameters that need to be set is the “ContentType” which can be set to “rec” or “lst” based on the input data format and the S3Uri which specifies the bucket and the folder where the data is present.
Output specification: This is specified in the “OutputDataConfig” section. We just need to specify the path where the output can be stored after training
Resource config: This section specifies the type of instance on which to run the training and the number of hosts used for training. If “InstanceCount” is more than 1, then training can be run in a distributed manner.
Apart from the above set of parameters, there are hyperparameters that are specific to the algorithm. These are:
num_layers: The number of layers (depth) for the network. We use 101 in this samples but other values such as 50, 152 can be used.
num_training_samples: This is the total number of training samples. It is set to 15420 for caltech dataset with the current split
num_classes: This is the number of output classes for the new dataset. Imagenet was trained with 1000 output classes but the number of output classes can be changed for fine-tuning. For caltech, we use 257 because it has 256 object categories + 1 clutter class
epochs: Number of training epochs
learning_rate: Learning rate for training
mini_batch_size: The number of training samples used for each mini batch. In distributed training, the number of training samples used per batch will be N * mini_batch_size where N is the number of hosts on which training is run
After setting training parameters, we kick off training, and poll for status until training is completed, which in this example, takes between 3 to 5 minutes per epoch on a p3.2xlarge machine. The network typically converges after 10 epochs. However, to save the training time, we set the epochs to 2 but please keep in mind that it may not be sufficient to generate a good model.
[ ]:
# The algorithm supports multiple network depth (number of layers). They are 18, 34, 50, 101, 152 and 200
# For this training, we will use 18 layers
num_layers = "18"
# we need to specify the input image shape for the training data
image_shape = "3,224,224"
# we also need to specify the number of training samples in the training set
# for caltech it is 15420
num_training_samples = "15420"
# specify the number of output classes
num_classes = "257"
# batch size for training
mini_batch_size = "64"
# number of epochs
epochs = "2"
# learning rate
learning_rate = "0.01"
Training with SageMaker Training
We run the training using Amazon sagemaker CreateTrainingJob API.
[ ]:
%%time
import time
import boto3
from time import gmtime, strftime
s3 = boto3.client("s3")
# create unique job name
job_name_prefix = "DEMO-imageclassification"
job_name = job_name_prefix + "-" + time.strftime("-%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M-%S", time.gmtime())
training_params = {
# specify the training image
"AlgorithmSpecification": {"TrainingImage": training_image, "TrainingInputMode": "File"},
"RoleArn": role,
"OutputDataConfig": {"S3OutputPath": "s3://{}/{}/output".format(bucket, job_name_prefix)},
"ResourceConfig": {"InstanceCount": 1, "InstanceType": "ml.p3.2xlarge", "VolumeSizeInGB": 50},
"TrainingJobName": job_name,
"HyperParameters": {
"image_shape": image_shape,
"num_layers": str(num_layers),
"num_training_samples": str(num_training_samples),
"num_classes": str(num_classes),
"mini_batch_size": str(mini_batch_size),
"epochs": str(epochs),
"learning_rate": str(learning_rate),
},
"StoppingCondition": {"MaxRuntimeInSeconds": 360000},
# Training data should be inside a subdirectory called "train"
# Validation data should be inside a subdirectory called "validation"
# The algorithm currently only supports fullyreplicated model (where data is copied onto each machine)
"InputDataConfig": [
{
"ChannelName": "train",
"DataSource": {
"S3DataSource": {
"S3DataType": "S3Prefix",
"S3Uri": s3_train,
"S3DataDistributionType": "FullyReplicated",
}
},
"ContentType": "application/x-recordio",
"CompressionType": "None",
},
{
"ChannelName": "validation",
"DataSource": {
"S3DataSource": {
"S3DataType": "S3Prefix",
"S3Uri": s3_validation,
"S3DataDistributionType": "FullyReplicated",
}
},
"ContentType": "application/x-recordio",
"CompressionType": "None",
},
],
}
print("Training job name: {}".format(job_name))
print(
"\nInput Data Location: {}".format(
training_params["InputDataConfig"][0]["DataSource"]["S3DataSource"]
)
)
[ ]:
# create the Amazon SageMaker training job
sagemaker = boto3.client(service_name="sagemaker")
sagemaker.create_training_job(**training_params)
# confirm that the training job has started
status = sagemaker.describe_training_job(TrainingJobName=job_name)["TrainingJobStatus"]
print("Training job current status: {}".format(status))
try:
# wait for the job to finish and report the ending status
sagemaker.get_waiter("training_job_completed_or_stopped").wait(TrainingJobName=job_name)
training_info = sagemaker.describe_training_job(TrainingJobName=job_name)
status = training_info["TrainingJobStatus"]
print("Training job ended with status: " + status)
except:
print("Training failed to start")
# if exception is raised, that means it has failed
message = sagemaker.describe_training_job(TrainingJobName=job_name)["FailureReason"]
print("Training failed with the following error: {}".format(message))
[ ]:
training_info = sagemaker.describe_training_job(TrainingJobName=job_name)
status = training_info["TrainingJobStatus"]
print("Training job ended with status: " + status)
If you see the message,
Training job ended with status: Completed
then that means training successfully completed and the output model was stored in the output path specified by training_params['OutputDataConfig'].
You can also view information about and the status of a training job using the AWS SageMaker console. Just click on the “Jobs” tab.
Training with SageMaker Automatic Model Tuning
To create a tuning job using the AWS SageMaker Automatic Model Tuning API, you need to define 3 attributes.
the tuning job name (string)
the tuning job config (to specify settings for the hyperparameter tuning job - JSON object)
training job definition (to configure the training jobs that the tuning job launches - JSON object).
To learn more about that, refer to the Configure and Launch a Hyperparameter Tuning Job documentation.
Note that the tuning job will 12-17 minutes to complete.
[ ]:
from time import gmtime, strftime, sleep
tuning_job_name = "DEMO-hpo-ic-" + strftime("%d-%H-%M-%S", gmtime())
tuning_job_config = {
# The full list of tunable hyper parameters for the Image Classification algorithm can be found here
# https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sagemaker/latest/dg/IC-tuning.html
"ParameterRanges": {
"CategoricalParameterRanges": [],
"ContinuousParameterRanges": [
{
"MaxValue": "0.999",
"MinValue": "1e-6",
"Name": "beta_1",
},
{
"MaxValue": "0.999",
"MinValue": "1e-6",
"Name": "beta_2",
},
{
"MaxValue": "1.0",
"MinValue": "1e-8",
"Name": "eps",
},
{
"MaxValue": "0.999",
"MinValue": "1e-8",
"Name": "gamma",
},
{
"MaxValue": "0.5",
"MinValue": "1e-6",
"Name": "learning_rate",
},
{
"MaxValue": "0.999",
"MinValue": "0.0",
"Name": "momentum",
},
{
"MaxValue": "0.999",
"MinValue": "0.0",
"Name": "weight_decay",
},
],
"IntegerParameterRanges": [
{
"MaxValue": "64",
"MinValue": "8",
"Name": "mini_batch_size",
}
],
},
# SageMaker sets the following default limits for resources used by automatic model tuning:
# https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sagemaker/latest/dg/automatic-model-tuning-limits.html
"ResourceLimits": {
# Increase the max number of training jobs for increased accuracy (and training time).
"MaxNumberOfTrainingJobs": 6,
# Change parallel training jobs run by AMT to reduce total training time. Constrained by your account limits.
# if max_jobs=max_parallel_jobs then Bayesian search turns to Random.
"MaxParallelTrainingJobs": 2,
},
"Strategy": "Bayesian",
"HyperParameterTuningJobObjective": {"MetricName": "validation:accuracy", "Type": "Maximize"},
}
training_job_definition = {
"AlgorithmSpecification": {"TrainingImage": training_image, "TrainingInputMode": "File"},
"InputDataConfig": [
{
"ChannelName": "train",
"DataSource": {
"S3DataSource": {
"S3DataType": "S3Prefix",
"S3Uri": s3_train,
"S3DataDistributionType": "FullyReplicated",
}
},
"ContentType": "application/x-recordio",
"CompressionType": "None",
},
{
"ChannelName": "validation",
"DataSource": {
"S3DataSource": {
"S3DataType": "S3Prefix",
"S3Uri": s3_validation,
"S3DataDistributionType": "FullyReplicated",
}
},
"ContentType": "application/x-recordio",
"CompressionType": "None",
},
],
"OutputDataConfig": {"S3OutputPath": "s3://{}/{}/output".format(bucket, job_name_prefix)},
"ResourceConfig": {"InstanceCount": 1, "InstanceType": "ml.p2.xlarge", "VolumeSizeInGB": 50},
"RoleArn": role,
"StaticHyperParameters": {
"num_training_samples": str(num_training_samples),
"num_classes": str(num_classes),
"num_layers": str(num_layers),
"image_shape": image_shape,
"epochs": "2",
},
"StoppingCondition": {"MaxRuntimeInSeconds": 43200},
}
print(
f"Creating a tuning job with name: {tuning_job_name}. It will take between 12 and 17 minutes to complete."
)
sagemaker.create_hyper_parameter_tuning_job(
HyperParameterTuningJobName=tuning_job_name,
HyperParameterTuningJobConfig=tuning_job_config,
TrainingJobDefinition=training_job_definition,
)
status = sagemaker.describe_hyper_parameter_tuning_job(HyperParameterTuningJobName=tuning_job_name)[
"HyperParameterTuningJobStatus"
]
print(status)
while status != "Completed" and status != "Failed":
time.sleep(60)
status = sagemaker.describe_hyper_parameter_tuning_job(
HyperParameterTuningJobName=tuning_job_name
)["HyperParameterTuningJobStatus"]
print(status)
Deploy The Model
A trained model does nothing on its own. We now want to use the model to perform inference. For this example, that means predicting the topic mixture representing a given document.
This section involves several steps,
Create Model - Create model for the training output
Batch Transform - Create a transform job to perform batch inference.
Host the model for realtime inference - Create an inference endpoint and perform realtime inference.
Create Model
We now create a SageMaker Model from the training output. Using the model we can create a Batch Transform Job or an Endpoint Configuration.
[ ]:
%%time
import boto3
from time import gmtime, strftime
sage = boto3.Session().client(service_name="sagemaker")
model_name = "DEMO-full-image-classification-model" + time.strftime(
"-%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M-%S", time.gmtime()
)
print(model_name)
if deploy_amt_model == True:
training_of_model_to_be_hosted = sage.describe_hyper_parameter_tuning_job(
HyperParameterTuningJobName=tuning_job_name
)["BestTrainingJob"]["TrainingJobName"]
else:
training_of_model_to_be_hosted = job_name
info = sage.describe_training_job(TrainingJobName=training_of_model_to_be_hosted)
model_data = info["ModelArtifacts"]["S3ModelArtifacts"]
print(model_data)
hosting_image = image_uris.retrieve(
region=boto3.Session().region_name, framework="image-classification"
)
primary_container = {
"Image": hosting_image,
"ModelDataUrl": model_data,
}
create_model_response = sage.create_model(
ModelName=model_name, ExecutionRoleArn=role, PrimaryContainer=primary_container
)
print(create_model_response["ModelArn"])
Batch transform
We now create a SageMaker Batch Transform job using the model created above to perform batch prediction.
Download test data
[ ]:
# Download images under /008.bathtub
!aws s3 sync s3://sagemaker-sample-files/datasets/image/caltech-256/256_ObjectCategories/008.bathtub/ /tmp/images/008.bathtub/
[ ]:
batch_input = "s3://{}/image-classification-full-training/test/".format(bucket)
test_images = "/tmp/images/008.bathtub"
!aws s3 cp $test_images $batch_input --recursive --quiet
[ ]:
timestamp = time.strftime("-%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M-%S", time.gmtime())
batch_job_name = "image-classification-model" + timestamp
request = {
"TransformJobName": batch_job_name,
"ModelName": model_name,
"MaxConcurrentTransforms": 16,
"MaxPayloadInMB": 6,
"BatchStrategy": "SingleRecord",
"TransformOutput": {"S3OutputPath": "s3://{}/{}/output".format(bucket, batch_job_name)},
"TransformInput": {
"DataSource": {"S3DataSource": {"S3DataType": "S3Prefix", "S3Uri": batch_input}},
"ContentType": "application/x-image",
"SplitType": "None",
"CompressionType": "None",
},
"TransformResources": {"InstanceType": "ml.c5.xlarge", "InstanceCount": 1},
}
print("Transform job name: {}".format(batch_job_name))
print("\nInput Data Location: {}".format(s3_validation))
[ ]:
sagemaker = boto3.client("sagemaker")
sagemaker.create_transform_job(**request)
print("Created Transform job with name: ", batch_job_name)
while True:
response = sagemaker.describe_transform_job(TransformJobName=batch_job_name)
status = response["TransformJobStatus"]
if status == "Completed":
print("Transform job ended with status: " + status)
break
if status == "Failed":
message = response["FailureReason"]
print("Transform failed with the following error: {}".format(message))
raise Exception("Transform job failed")
time.sleep(30)
After the job completes, let’s inspect the prediction results. The accuracy may not be quite good because we set the epochs to 2 during training which may not be sufficient to train a good model.
[ ]:
from urllib.parse import urlparse
import json
import numpy as np
object_categories = [
"ak47",
"american-flag",
"backpack",
"baseball-bat",
"baseball-glove",
"basketball-hoop",
"bat",
"bathtub",
"bear",
"beer-mug",
"billiards",
"binoculars",
"birdbath",
"blimp",
"bonsai-101",
"boom-box",
"bowling-ball",
"bowling-pin",
"boxing-glove",
"brain-101",
"breadmaker",
"buddha-101",
"bulldozer",
"butterfly",
"cactus",
"cake",
"calculator",
"camel",
"cannon",
"canoe",
"car-tire",
"cartman",
"cd",
"centipede",
"cereal-box",
"chandelier-101",
"chess-board",
"chimp",
"chopsticks",
"cockroach",
"coffee-mug",
"coffin",
"coin",
"comet",
"computer-keyboard",
"computer-monitor",
"computer-mouse",
"conch",
"cormorant",
"covered-wagon",
"cowboy-hat",
"crab-101",
"desk-globe",
"diamond-ring",
"dice",
"dog",
"dolphin-101",
"doorknob",
"drinking-straw",
"duck",
"dumb-bell",
"eiffel-tower",
"electric-guitar-101",
"elephant-101",
"elk",
"ewer-101",
"eyeglasses",
"fern",
"fighter-jet",
"fire-extinguisher",
"fire-hydrant",
"fire-truck",
"fireworks",
"flashlight",
"floppy-disk",
"football-helmet",
"french-horn",
"fried-egg",
"frisbee",
"frog",
"frying-pan",
"galaxy",
"gas-pump",
"giraffe",
"goat",
"golden-gate-bridge",
"goldfish",
"golf-ball",
"goose",
"gorilla",
"grand-piano-101",
"grapes",
"grasshopper",
"guitar-pick",
"hamburger",
"hammock",
"harmonica",
"harp",
"harpsichord",
"hawksbill-101",
"head-phones",
"helicopter-101",
"hibiscus",
"homer-simpson",
"horse",
"horseshoe-crab",
"hot-air-balloon",
"hot-dog",
"hot-tub",
"hourglass",
"house-fly",
"human-skeleton",
"hummingbird",
"ibis-101",
"ice-cream-cone",
"iguana",
"ipod",
"iris",
"jesus-christ",
"joy-stick",
"kangaroo-101",
"kayak",
"ketch-101",
"killer-whale",
"knife",
"ladder",
"laptop-101",
"lathe",
"leopards-101",
"license-plate",
"lightbulb",
"light-house",
"lightning",
"llama-101",
"mailbox",
"mandolin",
"mars",
"mattress",
"megaphone",
"menorah-101",
"microscope",
"microwave",
"minaret",
"minotaur",
"motorbikes-101",
"mountain-bike",
"mushroom",
"mussels",
"necktie",
"octopus",
"ostrich",
"owl",
"palm-pilot",
"palm-tree",
"paperclip",
"paper-shredder",
"pci-card",
"penguin",
"people",
"pez-dispenser",
"photocopier",
"picnic-table",
"playing-card",
"porcupine",
"pram",
"praying-mantis",
"pyramid",
"raccoon",
"radio-telescope",
"rainbow",
"refrigerator",
"revolver-101",
"rifle",
"rotary-phone",
"roulette-wheel",
"saddle",
"saturn",
"school-bus",
"scorpion-101",
"screwdriver",
"segway",
"self-propelled-lawn-mower",
"sextant",
"sheet-music",
"skateboard",
"skunk",
"skyscraper",
"smokestack",
"snail",
"snake",
"sneaker",
"snowmobile",
"soccer-ball",
"socks",
"soda-can",
"spaghetti",
"speed-boat",
"spider",
"spoon",
"stained-glass",
"starfish-101",
"steering-wheel",
"stirrups",
"sunflower-101",
"superman",
"sushi",
"swan",
"swiss-army-knife",
"sword",
"syringe",
"tambourine",
"teapot",
"teddy-bear",
"teepee",
"telephone-box",
"tennis-ball",
"tennis-court",
"tennis-racket",
"theodolite",
"toaster",
"tomato",
"tombstone",
"top-hat",
"touring-bike",
"tower-pisa",
"traffic-light",
"treadmill",
"triceratops",
"tricycle",
"trilobite-101",
"tripod",
"t-shirt",
"tuning-fork",
"tweezer",
"umbrella-101",
"unicorn",
"vcr",
"video-projector",
"washing-machine",
"watch-101",
"waterfall",
"watermelon",
"welding-mask",
"wheelbarrow",
"windmill",
"wine-bottle",
"xylophone",
"yarmulke",
"yo-yo",
"zebra",
"airplanes-101",
"car-side-101",
"faces-easy-101",
"greyhound",
"tennis-shoes",
"toad",
"clutter",
]
def list_objects(s3_client, bucket, prefix):
response = s3_client.list_objects(Bucket=bucket, Prefix=prefix)
objects = [content["Key"] for content in response["Contents"]]
return objects
def get_label(s3_client, bucket, prefix):
filename = prefix.split("/")[-1]
s3_client.download_file(bucket, prefix, filename)
with open(filename) as f:
data = json.load(f)
index = np.argmax(data["prediction"])
probability = data["prediction"][index]
print("Result: label - " + object_categories[index] + ", probability - " + str(probability))
return object_categories[index], probability
inputs = list_objects(s3_client, bucket, urlparse(batch_input).path.lstrip("/"))
print("Sample inputs: " + str(inputs[:2]))
outputs = list_objects(s3_client, bucket, batch_job_name + "/output")
print("Sample output: " + str(outputs[:2]))
# Check prediction result of the first 2 images
[get_label(s3_client, bucket, prefix) for prefix in outputs[0:10]]
Realtime inference
We now host the model with an endpoint and perform realtime inference.
This section involves several steps, 1. Create endpoint configuration - Create a configuration defining an endpoint. 1. Create endpoint - Use the configuration to create an inference endpoint. 1. Perform inference - Perform inference on some input data using the endpoint. 1. Clean up - Delete the endpoint and model
Create Endpoint Configuration
At launch, we will support configuring REST endpoints in hosting with multiple models, e.g. for A/B testing purposes. In order to support this, customers create an endpoint configuration, that describes the distribution of traffic across the models, whether split, shadowed, or sampled in some way.
In addition, the endpoint configuration describes the instance type required for model deployment, and at launch will describe the autoscaling configuration.
[ ]:
from time import gmtime, strftime
timestamp = time.strftime("-%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M-%S", time.gmtime())
endpoint_config_name = job_name_prefix + "-epc-" + timestamp
endpoint_config_response = sage.create_endpoint_config(
EndpointConfigName=endpoint_config_name,
ProductionVariants=[
{
"InstanceType": "ml.m4.xlarge",
"InitialInstanceCount": 1,
"ModelName": model_name,
"VariantName": "AllTraffic",
}
],
)
print("Endpoint configuration name: {}".format(endpoint_config_name))
print("Endpoint configuration arn: {}".format(endpoint_config_response["EndpointConfigArn"]))
Create Endpoint
Next, the customer creates the endpoint that serves up the model, through specifying the name and configuration defined above. The end result is an endpoint that can be validated and incorporated into production applications.
[ ]:
%%time
import time
timestamp = time.strftime("-%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M-%S", time.gmtime())
endpoint_name = job_name_prefix + "-ep-" + timestamp
print("Endpoint name: {}".format(endpoint_name))
endpoint_params = {
"EndpointName": endpoint_name,
"EndpointConfigName": endpoint_config_name,
}
endpoint_response = sagemaker.create_endpoint(**endpoint_params)
print("EndpointArn = {}".format(endpoint_response["EndpointArn"]))
Now the endpoint can be created. It may take a few minutes to create the endpoint…
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# get the status of the endpoint
response = sagemaker.describe_endpoint(EndpointName=endpoint_name)
status = response["EndpointStatus"]
print("EndpointStatus = {}".format(status))
# wait until the status has changed
sagemaker.get_waiter("endpoint_in_service").wait(EndpointName=endpoint_name)
# print the status of the endpoint
endpoint_response = sagemaker.describe_endpoint(EndpointName=endpoint_name)
status = endpoint_response["EndpointStatus"]
print("Endpoint creation ended with EndpointStatus = {}".format(status))
if status != "InService":
raise Exception("Endpoint creation failed.")
If you see the message,
Endpoint creation ended with EndpointStatus = InService
then congratulations! You now have a functioning inference endpoint. You can confirm the endpoint configuration and status by navigating to the “Endpoints” tab in the AWS SageMaker console.
We will finally create a runtime object from which we can invoke the endpoint.
Perform Inference
Finally, the customer can now validate the model for use. They can obtain the endpoint from the client library using the result from previous operations, and generate classifications from the trained model using that endpoint.
[ ]:
import boto3
runtime = boto3.Session().client(service_name="runtime.sagemaker")
Download test image
[ ]:
file_name = "/tmp/test.jpg"
s3_client.download_file(
"sagemaker-sample-files",
"datasets/image/caltech-256/256_ObjectCategories/008.bathtub/008_0007.jpg",
file_name,
)
# test image
from IPython.display import Image
Image(file_name)
Evaluation
Evaluate the image through the network for inteference. The network outputs class probabilities and typically, one selects the class with the maximum probability as the final class output.
Note: The output class detected by the network may not be accurate in this example. To limit the time taken and cost of training, we have trained the model only for a couple of epochs. If the network is trained for more epochs (say 20), then the output class will be more accurate.
[ ]:
import json
import numpy as np
with open(file_name, "rb") as f:
payload = f.read()
payload = bytearray(payload)
response = runtime.invoke_endpoint(
EndpointName=endpoint_name, ContentType="application/x-image", Body=payload
)
result = response["Body"].read()
# result will be in json format and convert it to ndarray
result = json.loads(result)
# the result will output the probabilities for all classes
# find the class with maximum probability and print the class index
index = np.argmax(result)
print("Result: label - " + object_categories[index] + ", probability - " + str(result[index]))
Clean up
When we’re done with the endpoint, we can just delete it and the backing instances will be released. Run the following cell to delete the endpoint.
[ ]:
sage.delete_endpoint(EndpointName=endpoint_name)
[ ]: